Testicular Biopsy for surgical sperm retrieval

DNA damage is mainly induced by six mechanisms, these can occur during either the production or the transport of the sperms i.e Pre testicular and Post testicular.

Principle 1. Apoptotic cells changes the structure of their membrane, which leads to the exposure of Phosphatidylserine on the membrane surface. 2. The redistribution of phosphatidylserin from internal to external…